HEART
Hittite "ker" indicates that initial letter of this word should be K but Luwian from the same Anatolian branch has Z/S in the same place in "zārza". Hittite has both K and S in heart and namely there is also a neutral form "ŠA-er". "ŠA" is a Sumerogram, but maybe like Luwian "zārza" it was used literally to denote "za". It is like Schrodinger's Cat, neither Satem nor Centum was first. You can only be sure if you will see that magical "Proto-Indo-European" in written form or even better, hear it but then you might hear a terryfing KS sound in that place.
Additionally very old Avestan "zərəd" and "zarəδaiia" also indicate S or Z as an initial letter instead of K. How could then truly be determined "which one was first"? I see no logic how it could be done as in many common words mentioned in all previous word articles on this website it was clearly proven that the magic of K and H and S can never be solved.
Welsh "craidd" means "centre, middle". Could then the initial meaning of heart be "something that is in the middle of a human body or chest"? Most probably yes because exactly the same similarity occurs in Slavic languages.
English word "courage" is related through French to Latin "cor", which means "heart". Courage then is something "taken out of heart, driven by heart - main pump of human energy through blood".
Cardiology could as well be named Heartology and it would make no difference at all. Not only the meaning would stay the same but also the source for this word (it is a cognate).
KER-
Below are the oldest languages:
Hittite: ker
Ancient Greek: κῆρ (kêr)
Tocharian B: käryāñ (keriani) ("hearts")
HER-
Below are only Germanic languages:
Old English: heorte
English: heart
Yola: hearth
Middle English: herte
Scots: hert, hart
West Frisian: hert
Old Saxon: herta
Middle Low German: herte
Old Frisian: herte
Old Dutch: herta
Middle Dutch: herte, harte
Limburgish: hert
Old High German: herza
Middle High German: hërze, hërz
Alemannic German: Härz
Hunsrik: Herz
Cimbrian: hèrtz
German: Herz
Luxembourgish: Häerz
Norwegian Bokmål: hjerte
Danish: hjerte
Gutnish: hjärte
Swedish: hjärta
Elfdalian: järta
SER-
Below are Balto-Slavic and Iranian languages:
Old Prussian: seyr
Lithuanian: šerdis ("core, kernel, pith")
Samogitian: šėrdės
Russian: се́рдце (sérdce)
Rusyn: шерцо (šerco)
Ukrainian: се́рце (sérce)
Kashubian: serce
Old Polish: sierce
Polish: serce
Belarusian: сэ́рца (sérca)
Silesian: śerce
Lower Sorbian: serce
Ossetian: зӕрдӕ (zærdæ)
Avestan: zərəd
Zazaki: zerri
Prasuni: zər
Belarusian: серада́ (sjeradá) ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Russian: середи́на (seredína) ("middle, centre")
Russian: середа́ (seredá) ("Wednesday, middle")
Rusyn: се́реда (séreda) ("Wednesday, middle")
Ukrainian: середа́ (seredá) ("Wednesday; middle")
---> Skolt Sami: seärad (seerad or sierad) ("Wednesday")
---> Hungarian: szerda ("Wednesday")
KAR-
Below are the oldest languages:
Tocharian B: arañce (karañce?, harañce?, sarañce?)
Tocharian A: āriñc (kāriñc?, hāriñc?, sāriñc?)
Palaic: kart-
Hittite: kardiyaš ("heart's")
Hittite: sallakardatar ("great-heartedness")
Hittite: kardimmiyaz (kardi + mmiyaz) ("anger")
Hittite: kardissi piran mema ("To speak before one's heart")
Ancient Greek: καρδία (kardía)
Greek: καρδιά (kardiá)
HAR-
Below are only Germanic languages:
Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairtō)
English: heart
Yola: hearth
Low German: Hart
Dutch: hart
Afrikaans: hart
Old Norse: hjarta
Icelandic: hjarta
Faroese: hjarta
Norn: hjarta
Norwegian Nynorsk: hjarta, hjarte
Old Swedish: hiærta
Old Danish: hiartæ, hiærtæ
Middle Low German: harte
Scanian: hjarta
Westrobothnian: hjart
SAR-
Below are the oldest Anatolian, Iranian and Slavic languages:
Luwian: UZU-zārza, za-ra/i-za
Bulgarian: сърце (sǎrce)
Avestan: zarəδaiia
Ossetian: зӕрдӕ (zærdæ)
Kativiri: žarə
Belarusian: сярэдзі́на (sjaredzína) ("middle, centre")
Hittite: ŠA-er (Sumerogram; It is not Satem; Most probably: karder)
Hittite: ŠA-aš ("heart's") (Sumerogram; It is not Satem; Most probably: kardias)
KOR-
Below are only Latin languages:
Latin: cor (kor)
Old Portuguese: cor
Galician: cor
Portuguese: cor
Old Occitan: cor
Catalan: cor
Occitan: còr
Emilian: côr
Franco-Provençal: côr
Romansch: cor
Venetian: cor
Lombard: cœr
Romanian: cor, cord
Istriot: cor, core, cour
Corsican: core
Italian: cuore
Neapolitan: core
French: cœur
Walloon: cour
Sardinian: coru, còro
Sicilian: cori
Tarantino: côre
Old French: corage ("courage, of heart")
Old Occitan: coratge ("courage, of heart")
Catalan: coratge ("courage, of heart")
Occitan: coratge ("courage, of heart")
Galician: coraxe ("courage, of heart")
Italian: coraggio ("courage, of heart")
Portuguese: coragem ("courage, of heart")
Spanish: coraje ("courage, of heart")
Venetian: coragio ("courage, of heart")
SO-
Below are only Nuristani languages:
Tregami: žō
Waigali: zȫ, žō
KIR-
This form does not exist.
HIR-
Punjabi: ਹਿਰਦਾ (hirdā)
SIR-
Old Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
Old East Slavic: сьрдьце (sĭrdĭce)
Old Polish: sirce, sirdce
Lithuanian: širdis
Latgalian: sirds
Latvian: sirds
D-
Baluchi: دل (dil) (from sir?)
Kurdish: dil (from sir?)
Persian: دل (del)(from ser?)
KR-
Below is one Anatolian and one Tocharian language and the rest are Celtic languages:
Lycian: kride
Old Irish: cride
Scottish Gaelic: cridhe
Tocharian A: kri ("will")
Middle Breton: kreis
Breton: kreiz
Cornish: kres
Welsh: craidd ("centre, middle")
Irish: croí
Manx: cree
This group stays strong with R1b data and Yamnaya origins of Afanasievo Culture, meaning that this culture was ancestral to the Tocharians, not R1a1a Tarim Mummies from Andronovo Culture. This could also mean that insular Celtic languages originated already with an arrival of Bell Beaker Culture to the British Isles.
HRD-
Below are only Indo-Aryan languages:
---> Telugu: hr̥dayamu
Sanskrit: हृदय (hṛ́daya)
- the heart
- soul, mind, spirit
- interior of the body
- centre or core or essence or best or dearest or most secret part of anything
- true or divine knowledge
- the Veda
- science
Sanskrit: हृद् (hṛ́d) ("heart; soul, mind; interior of the body; breast, chest")
Urdu: ہردی (hŕday)
Bengali: হৃদয় (hridôy), হৃদ (hrid)
Hindi: हृदय (hŕday), हिया (hiyā)
Just like in all above Germanic languages an initial H could come from an initial K then here this initial H could come from an initial S.
SR-
Below are only Slavic languages and Pashto language:
Old Church Slavonic: ⱄⱃⱐⰴⱐⱌⰵ срьдьце (srĭdĭce)
Czech: srdce
Slovak: srdce
Macedonian: срце (srce)
Serbo-Croatian: ср̏це sȑce
Slovene: srcẹ̑
Pashto: زړه (zṛë), ړه (ṛë)
Polish: środek ("middle, centre")
Russian: среди́на (sredína) ("middle, centre")
Bulgarian: среда (sreda) ("middle, centre")
Macedonian: средина (sredina), средиште (središte) ("middle, centre")
Serbo-Croatian: средина, sredina ("middle, centre")
Slovene: sredina ("middle, centre")
Old Church Slavonic: срѣда (srěda) ("center, Wednesday")
Bulgarian: сря́да (srjáda) ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Macedonian: среда (sreda) ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Serbo-Croatian: сре́да, срије́да, sréda, srijéda ("Wednesday, middle")
Slovene: srẹ̑da ("Wednesday, middle")
Polish: środa ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Lower Sorbian: srjoda ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Upper Sorbian: srjeda ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
STR-
Czech: středa ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Kashubian: strzoda ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Silesian: strzoda ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Slovak: streda ("Wednesday, middle of the week")
Czech: střed ("middle, centre")
Slovak: stred ("middle, centre")
KUR-
Dalmatian: cur
Friulian: cûr
Old Spanish: cuer
Spanish: cuer
Sicilian: curaggiu ("courage, of heart")
Maltese: kuraġġ ("courage, of heart")
Greek: κουράγιο (kourágio) ("courage, of heart")
H-
Saterland Frisian: Haat
Vilamovian: haoc
Plautdietsch: Hoat
Central Franconian: Hätz, Hetz, Häerz
Gujarati: હૈયું (haiyũ)
Marathi: हिय्या (hiyyā)
Old Marathi: हियें (hiyeṃ), हृदा (hṛdā)
Pali: hadaya
ZI-
Ashkun: židī
C-
Ligurian: cheu
Old French: cuer, coer, quer
Middle French: coeur, cueur, cœur
Piedmontese: cheur
Non Indo-European languages:
Mingrelian: კიდირი (ḳidiri) ("chest, breast")
Old Georgian: მკერდი (mḳerdi) ("chest, breast")
Georgian: მკერდი (mḳerdi) ("chest, breast")
Svan: მუჭუ̂ედ (muč̣ûed) ("chest, breast")
Mongolian: зүрх (zürh)
Kazakh: жүрек (žürek)
Finno-Ugric
Enets: сео
Kamassian: sī
Mator: kei
Tundra Nenets: сей (siey)
Hungarian: szív
Northern: сым (sim)
Komi: сьӧлӧм (sʹölöm)
Udmurt: сюлэм (sjulem)
Mari: шӱм (šüm)
Skolt Sami: čââʹđ
Estonian: süda
Finnish: sydän
Ingrian: süän
Karelian: seän, syväin
Livonian: sidām
Ludian: südäm
Veps: südäin
Võro: süä
Votic: süä
Article published on the 30th of October 2018. The theories above are the sole ideas of the Indo-European Connection.